The Founding Of The First English Colonies - 855 Words

From the founding of the first English colonies to Thomas Jefferson becoming the third president of the United States of America, there was always one question in mind. Is America a land of opportunity? This time period is ridden with oppression and rebellion. So, no America was not a land of opportunity. Because of its infancy and tolerance of oppression, America fell short in terms of opportunity for those who were of the â€Å"lesser† ethnic groups. First, the oppression in America negated its ability to be full of opportunity. The first group oppressed were the Native Americans. When the English arrived in 1607 Chieftain Powhatan dominated the native people near the James River. The settlers incorrectly dubbed all of the local Indians â€Å"Powhatans.† Furthermore, in 1610 the settlers received a declaration of war against the Indians, carried by Lord De La Warr, despite the area being the home of the Natives. Moreover, the oppression of the Natives did not end with a simple war. With the settlers came diseases from England. The Natives had no acquired-immunity to these diseases, so a simple cold to an average settler could be deadly to even the healthiest Native American. Therefore, entire civilizations were decimated because of this. Even in the populations that survived, the feeble elders were taken from them, and with them the oral traditions. The early settlers completely disregarded the natives’ culture out of greed for land. The Natives were not the only race to feel theShow MoreRelatedThirteen Colonies and New England944 Words   |  4 PagesCHAPTER 3 Settling the Northern Colonies, 1619–1700 Focus Questions 1. What religious turmoil in the Old World resulted in the little colony of Plymouth in the New World? 2. Why was the initial and subsequent colonization of the Massachusetts Bay Colony more successful than Plymouth? 3. How did the colony of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colony contribute to the origins of American independence and government? What were the contributions to American independence and government fromRead MoreThe Ideas Of The Enlightenment, By Thomas Paine And The Declaration Of Independence767 Words   |  4 Pagesspread to the American colonies, profoundly influencing leaders of the Revolution to create a new structure of government. Enlightenment, as defined in Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, can be broadly defined is the movement towards reason and individualism rather than tradition. The text, by Thomas Paine, challenged the principles of liberty, equality, and justice. Thomas Paine was a revolutionary thinker who used Enlightenment ideology as a platform to persuade towards the founding of an independant AmericaRead MoreThe 19th Century1724 Words   |  7 Pagesone of the most important eras in the shaping of the America. Both the English and the Spanish would vie for d ominance of the uncharted continent with the establishment of colonies on American soil. The Spanish would try to colonize the American Southwest and the English, the Northeast. Indelibly, both cultures would leave their mark on the American landscape, especially within the context of religion and politics. Spain first set up an outpost in what would become New Mexico, just North of the RioRead MoreWhat Did The First Permanent Colony?1525 Words   |  7 PagesEngland’s first permanent colony in America. Jamestown expedition was not the first attempt to establish a colony on the mid-Atlantic coast. In 1585, Sir Walter Ralegh sponsored a colony on Roanoke Island, off the mainland of North Carolina, which ended the following year which ended in abandonment. The other attempt was made in 1587 under the leadership of John White, which also ended in failure along with the disappearance of 117 men, women, and children, â€Å"known since as the Lost Colony of RoanokeRead MoreThe Historical Period of Enlightenment741 Words   |  3 PagesEnlightenment The historical period which is known as the Enlightenment occurred during the latter half of the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century. The period was marked by a decided increase placed on the importance of scientific and philosophical investigation. Political philosophy was one of the most frequent and important branches of theorizing and discourse. One of the most famous political theoreticians was a man named John Locke. His theories would revolutionize the way thatRead MoreIssues Of Early American Settlement Essay1157 Words   |  5 PagesIn the early settlement of America, disease and forced labor played a significant role. In the Spanish colonies from Florida and Southward, smallpox took an enormous toll on the conquerors and the native peoples. The so-called â€Å"black legend† regarding the Spanish and Portuguese was actually somewhat true, but also somewhat misleading. The concept held that â€Å"the conquerors merely butchered or tortured the In dians (‘killing for Christ’), stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left littleRead MoreEnglish Relationship Between English Indians And Native Americans1092 Words   |  5 PagesRelationships between English settlers and Native American tribes were central to both the successes and the failures of the early English colonies in America. Although conflict often characterized relationships between the so-called â€Å"Indians† and the English, many of the initial colonies owed their survival and successes to the natives. The Native Americans were valuable trading partners, occasional allies, and aid in sickness and famine. However, various conflicts between tribes and settlersRead MoreThe Beginning Of The Revolutionary War1019 Words   |  5 PagesFrom the basis of the colonies beginning with the founding of Jamestown until the beginning of the Revolutionary War, different areas of the eastern coast had different traditional values. Once establishe d, the thirteen British colonies could be separated into three physical areas: New England, Middle, and Southern. Each of these had specific economic, social, and political growths that were distinctive to the territories. European nations came to the Americas to boost their wealth and expand theirRead MoreThe Colonization Of The New World1068 Words   |  5 PagesFrom 1689 to 1763, almost 200 years after Columbus’ discovery of the New World, several European nations fought to acquire their share of America’s wealth. The Spanish, leaders in the exploration of the New World, were the first to colonize the Americas. In 1494, two years after Columbus’ expeditions, the Treaty of Tordesillas was ratified by the Pope. This treaty split the New World between Portugal and Spain. By the mid 1500s, Spain had gained control of much of western South America, Central AmericaRead MoreNative Americans : An Independent Country And Many Other Valuable Way Of Life1293 Words   |  6 Pagesthis, the Europeans created the first permanent English colony, Jamestown. The first settlers in Jamestown chose to starve rather than work, due to this, disease and starvation ravaged the settlers, and this led to more than half of the original colonists to die in the first nine months. Chief Powhatan and his tribe were well aware of the issues the settlers were having. Powhatan decided to help the settlers and he managed to keep the rest of them alive that first winter. From then on, the relationship

Changing Roles Of Women During World War I - 998 Words

The decade of the twenties has become known as â€Å"The Roaring Twenties,† â€Å"The Epoch of Confusion,† â€Å"The Age of Intolerance and Wonderful Nonsense,† â€Å"The Jazz Age,† amongst many others, all of which attempt to encompass the great times and good feelings of this decade that would influence modern America for many decades to come. Americans had more money to spend and more time for leisure in the hustle and bustle of cities like New York and Philadelphia. The economic boom, the changing roles of women, and the explosion of mass culture were all contributing factors to this time of â€Å"dramatic social and political change† (Staff). After World War I, the nation’s economy shifted from a military focus to one of a more domestic approach. Factories that were previously used for wartime productions such as tanks transitioned into factories of peaceful production (Sullivan). With this change, new products and technologies such as t he automobile and household appliances were able to be mass produced- and mass consumed. This created a new economic culture of consumerism, one that can be defined as â€Å"the theory that a progressively greater consumption of goods is economically beneficial; Attachment to materialistic values or possessions† (Emerald 6) or a â€Å"culture surrounding the buying and selling of products† (Sullivan). Encompassed in the frenzy of consumerism were the major industries of automobile making, household appliances, and the world of advertising. The auto industry was jetShow MoreRelatedCanadian Women and the Second World War1173 Words   |  5 PagesCanada Women and the Second World War The changing roles of women throughout history has been drastic, and none more so than the period during and after World War II. The irrevocable changes that occurred once the war started and women went to work were unprecedented. In the end, the changing role of Canada’s women during the War was the beginning of a chain reaction of events that have forever changed the Canadian workplace and also that of men’s archaic views on the capabilities of women in generalRead MoreExplore Barkers Representation of Women in Barkers Regeneration1587 Words   |  7 Pagespresentation of women in Regeneration. Regeneration is a novel largely based upon the male experience of war , however Barkers use of predominantly confident and modern women represents the seismic effects the war had on the female population, while also exploring how the war was an emasculating experience for men. As the jingoistic illusions of what war was like were weakened by the harsh realities of war for the men who signed up to fight, they began taking on more maternal roles, whereas, someRead MoreWomens Roles: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War by Drew Gilpin Faust1261 Words   |  6 PagesMothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War by Drew Gilpin Faust chronicles the transition of women’s roles and attitudes in the South during the Civil War. The work of Faust does not only deal with the roles of women but also the changing attitudes of men in relation to the status of women in the South. The war itself was integral in the transformation of wom en and would bring about these changes for the better but would be painful for many who were raisedRead MoreWorld War One On The Changing Role Of Women933 Words   |  4 Pagesimpact of World War One on the changing role of women, effects of weaponry and trench warfare and discrimination against German and Turk Australians? World War One was a significant event in Australian society, from 1914-1918.The impact of World War One on the changing role of women, effects of weaponry and trench warfare and discrimination against German and Turk Australians.These different topics all changed Australian society in varied ways. The changing role of women in World War One has hadRead MoreJessie Pope War Women Analysis1582 Words   |  7 PagesMasculinity and Femininity in Jessie Pope’s war poems: â€Å"War Girls† and â€Å"The Call† The world wars have greatly impacted modern British literature in the 20th century. There were many poems written about the period of war; some showed them in a positive light and some negative. Gender roles, gender relations on what means to be a man or a woman impacted greatly during this time. In particular with World War I, women in large numbers took over jobs in the homeland while the men were out fighting. QuestionsRead MoreWomen’s Role in Wwi: Before and After1357 Words   |  6 PagesWorld War I made a colossal impact on all aspects of human life and almost everyone in Europe was affected by this impact to different degrees as a consequence. One group in particular, most often illustrated as a real turning point, largely in enfranchisement and employment, were women. The outbreak of WWI saw a number of unexpected changes take place within the common social strata. These changes were prompted by the fact that a new wave of social-thinking was taking shape and eventually affectedRead MoreChanges of America in the 1920s Essay729 Words   |  3 Pagesdevastating war, America faced many changes in the 1920s. It was a decade of growth and improvements. As immigrants fled from Europe, the economy improved, and new machines offered convenience and luxury from the kitchen to the streets. However, with all change comes opposition. The 1920s revealed a conflict between traditional America and the new attitude and lifestyle through the changing role of women, continued dominance of Christian values, and racism. World War I sent women out of theRead MoreHow the Two World Wars Altered the Independence of Women1095 Words   |  4 PagesBefore America was involved in the well-known wars of our time, many women were living their lives as oppressed housewives. With the changes that occurred throughout the two world wars, women had the chance to break out of their ordinary lifestyles and prove themselves worthy of something more than the housewife stereotype. Each world war brought on a different opportunity for the women of that time period. Women’s increasing roles during the two world wars were made apparent through their lifestylesRead MoreWomen Of The 1920 S 19391305 Words   |  6 PagesWomen of the 1920’s-1939 The 1920’s was an era of dramatic political and cultural change, where many Americans lived in cities rather than farms. Many inventors came to be noticed as new cars were invented and as music entered the entertainment industry. A new style of music was invented mainly in the African American community, creating the Harlem Renaissance; which was an evolution of music and entertainment in Harlem, New York City. The women of America began to evolve in the 1920s, addingRead MoreWomens Fight to Reform their World in the Early 1900s Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pagesno secret that no matter how much women continue to strive in the workplace, politics, etc., inequality will always persist. Throughout American history, the oppression of women has caused an adverse effect on humanity. Some men believed that embracing women as worthy of equal opportunities was a threat to them, as all the rules would be changing. However, the 1900s witnessed a change in that trend, as women started t o fight and stand up for their rights. Women have stood on the frontline of this

Anna Karenina Essay Example For Students

Anna Karenina Essay The world of Tolstoyquot;s Anna Karenina is a world ruled by chance. From the very opening chapters, where a watchman is accidentally run over by a train at Moscowquot;s Petersburg station, to the final, climactic scenes of arbitrary destruction when Levin searches for Kitty in a forest beset by lightning, characters are brought together and forced into action against their will by coincidence and, sometimes, misfortune. That Anna and Vronsky ever meet and begin the fateful affair that becomes the centerpiece of the novel is itself a consequence of a long chain of unrelated events: culminating Annaquot;s sharing a berth with Vronskyquot;s mother on her way to reconcile Dolly and Stiva in Moscow. And yet, as an epigraph to this seemingly chaotic world of chance event, a seemingly amoral world that would seem to neither punish sin nor reward good, Tolstoy chooses a quotation that comes originally from the book of Deuteronomyquot;s song of Moses: Vengeance is mine; I will repay. Originally and somewhat narrowly thought to refer to Annaquot;s final ostracism from the upper echelons of society that punish her for her misdeeds, the epigraph is the key to Tolstoyquot;s subtle and philosophically complex conception of morality that denies the existence of a universal and unavoidable justice and derives responsibility from the individualquot;s freedom to create and then bind himself to laws. Three of the novelquot;s characters, Stephen Oblonsky, Constatine Levin, and Anna Karenina, all in some way connected to the Shcherbatsky family, serve to illustrate the various ways that Tolstoyquot;s individual can be, or fail to be, good, the various ways in which a character can be moral, immoral or amoral through the use of thought, or reason, to create necessity outside of the confused demands of a chaotic reality. Tolstoyquot;s world is indeed a servant to chance, and the plot depends so heavily on coincidence that Anna Karenina, taking into account the many elements of Menippian satire and Socratic dialogue that are integrated into its structure, may well be considered in part a carnival novel. The steeplechase scene during which Vronsky breaks Frou-Frouquot;s back is a perfect example of carnivalism the tragic yet somehow slapstick and cartoon-like injuries that befall the riders is a parody of the grand battlefield that the steeplechase is supposed to symbolize and the crowds of observers present provide the necessary public square that Bakhtin outlines as necessary for the second key property of carnivalism, free and familiar contact among people, at the racecourse occasioned by the terrible accidents that generate a swarm of rumors that pass between the spectators regardless, for once, of class and gender in the excitement of the event, Tolstoy writes, Annaquot;s shriek of fear at the precise moment of Vronskyquot;s upset passes the notice of those surrounding her usually so keen to find something inappropriate in Annaquot;s relation to Vronsky. Bakhtinquot;s theory of carnivalism, however, only goes so far in characterizing Tolstoyquot;s prose, and even though the reliance on chance as generator of events continues, the solipsistic mode of self-analysis and interpersonal distance returns almost immediately after the race is over and as the novel continues, becomes the dominant mode of ideological presentation so key to the essence of Annaquot;s relationship to Vronsky and to her reasons for suicide. Stephen Oblonsky, the first character we encounter in the novel, is at home in the turbulent and unstructured world that Tolstoy depicts, and lives at ease with the often meaningless turns of fate that occur to him and others. You wish all the facts of life to be consistent, but they never are, he says to Levin in Part I. You want the activity of each separate man to have an aim, and love and family life always to coincide and that doesnquot;t happen either. All the variety, charm and beauty of life are made up of light and sha de. Oblonsky is a materialist, although not in a formally philosophical way. He might better be said to be a pragmatist, or hedonist, although those labels, too, have their problems, since, as Anna remarks to Dolly, family life for him is sacred. He is not particularly religious but neither is he an intellectual such as Koznyshev or an nihilist such as Nicholas. Perhaps the best way to characterize Oblonsky is as a man who never held a coherent system of behavior, a man to whom the idea of thinking rationally about the way he lives his life would never occur. All the variety, charm and beauty of life are made up of light and shade. Oblonskyquot;s aesthetic consciousness is devoid of the traditional ethical, religious and literary structures that man has created to understand and appreciate beauty. The poetry Oblonsky quotes when he remarks upon and, importantly, empathizes with Levinquot;s love for Kitty is more often than not misquoted, and in recalling his various adulterous escapades, he takes great pleasure in referring to the women he has loved outside of marriage using Levinquot;s metaphor of stealing rolls of bread. Oblonsky is far from Kareninquot;s dry inability to see clearly the beautiful and pleasurable in life, but yet how far also he is from Socrates and the ethical imperative of love in the Symposium, the religious eroticism of the Song of Solomon, the tortured analysis and reanalysis of Goethequot;s Werther. The two words Oblonsky yokes together with beauty are variety and charm, and beauty in life for him is just that a rather incoherent series of inconsequential yet pleasurable encounters with a world that, through its own apparent random nature, never suggests any greater ethical obligation than to perceive and appreciate. That Oblonsky survives so intact a storyline that leaves the lives of others shattered implies that Tolstoy does not derive moral responsibility and the power to judge from nature, that he shares with Immanuel Kant the belief that the phenomenal world is separate from man and does not enter a manquot;s life to pass judgement upon his actions. Oblonsky then, in the final analysis, is unconcerned with the human ability to create structures to filter and interpret experience. He is exempt from the tortures of doubt and guilt that descend upon the other characters whose experiences are intertwined with an inner moral sense. No where is this clearer than in his interactions with Levin, where his continual lack of caution and respect for language causes the love struck Levin such pain. How does Austen present the two sides of Mr Darcy in the two extracts EssayTolstoy in his novel, has revealed to us the effect that death can have on a person and advocates us to not succumb to the daily life of the world which we live in, because it is all a delusion. Yet if we live as naturally as possible, we can get a better grasp on the true essence of life as Levin does in the novel. He finds joy out of working and enjoying the fruits of his labor, instead of indulging himself in the materialism of the hypocritical aristocrats. Modern culture has lost this aspect of life and we need to check ourselves before we lead our lives into a downfall.

The Langoliers Review Essay Example

The Langoliers Review Paper Essay on The Langoliers The first two novels of the novel Four Past Midnight. The Langoliers Once upon a time, 100 (actually about 10) years ago, watched the show on this product. The plot is wonderful. But after reading some not very long books King, I have a feeling that one could make a huge affair (or series). The plot of my little recalled the Sphere by Michael Crichton, in which the ship (submarine in the form of a sphere) makes crew fears into reality. I thought that some of the passengers fell into the world of fears Toomey Craig, the greater will be its beat and torture, the worse will be the world that because of this blind girl asking not to offend Mr. Tumi: with his death occupants or automatically return to reality or get stuck forever in a strange world. And it turns out its just a journey through time (did not expect such a topic from the King, but like the original interpretation) and by Craig Toomey does not depend on anything, and the girl he has saved, then to sacrifice for the good of the other passengers. Then it is not very clear why invented by his father became head Langoliers bolyu for any innocent passengers in the usual hole in time. And I was waiting for something more from the gentleman in the white heat, I thought just about turns out that all this is the product of his white hallucinations, and he was an ordinary passive drunkard it from the books in general could be removed (if his eternal snoring Bob is not suggested that they, too, would be worth a little nap as long as they pass through a hole in time). The book is certainly interesting and exciting, but in my opinion not very organic, logic is not so obvious, sometimes you have to turn a blind eye to the not very nimble deduction and logical isolation We will write a custom essay sample on The Langoliers Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Langoliers Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Langoliers Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The moral. We must remember that necessarily meet on langolerov way to understand the value of each day we live. No need to be a prototype Craig Toomey, because youll stay forever behind with their fears and problems. Secret Window, Secret Garden A great product! As there are no horrible creatures, langolerov, Polaroid dogs, etc. But I do not say that it is because of their lack of Secret Window, Secret Garden better than other stories in the novel Four Past Midnight. It is sharply different from them. After all, at first it seems that there is no fiction! But then After reading this story, we can say with certainty that the King a talented writer. Tale amazing. The best in it is that the story is all on one note, captures the heros inner world, introspection, the plot is also very interesting (but I think not all unfortunately). The film is good only special mood, but spoiled the ending makes it worse. However, what to expect from the film? I do believe that for such a story (in which there is practically no effect) to put the film impossible. It turns out that it is possible, but difficult, that the creators nedotyanul and lubricate the end of the same.

Invation of the Coqui Frog Into Hawaii essays

Invation of the Coqui Frog Into Hawaii essays Hawaii's environment began as a pure and pristine paradise, untouched by foreign creatures. When the English first invaded this paradise, they brought diseases, wild pigs, dogs and other unwanted species that upset the agricultural and environmental cycle of life. The more outsiders come to the islands each year, the more endangered Hawaii's ecosystem becomes. Although there is strict agricultural security and animal quarantine, foreign creatures and disease still threaten this ever populating island chain and many of the state's indigenous plants and animals have become extinct or endangered because of it. Over 1,000 alien plants and animals have been 'accidentally' introduced just over the past 65 years (ctahr.hawaii.edu) and with such warm temperatures and high humidity, Hawaii's natural nutrient sources and habitat have become cause for competition between the indigenous and the introduced. Though the islands have managed to keep snakes out completely, another green, slimy invasion has been the object of everyone's focus lately. Eleutherdactylus coqui a.k.a. the Coqui frog is the loud mouthed visitor from it's native, Puerto Rico. It is named for it's infamous call co-kee! Most likely through tourism, the frog was introduced to Hawaii in 1988 (ctahr.hawaii.edu). Not only is their piercing, high pitched call considered noise pollution but they are competitors with the unique, native insects and arachnids as well as other insect eating species like birds. Plus, if other carnivorous, amphibian-eating creatures were ever accidentally introduced, the frog would serve as a perfect and plentiful food source for them, increasing their number and threat. Hawai'i is in the midst of a growing invasive species crisis affecting the Islands' plants and animals, overall environmental and human health, and the viability of its tourism and agriculture- based economy, according to the DLNR report. Invasive pes...

J. Robert Oppenheimer, Manhattan Project Director

J. Robert Oppenheimer, Manhattan Project Director J. Robert Oppenheimer (April 22, 1904–February 18, 1967) was a physicist and the director of the Manhattan Project, the United States effort during World War II to create an atomic bomb. Oppenheimers struggle after the war with the morality of building such a destructive weapon epitomized the moral dilemma that faced scientists who worked to create the atomic and hydrogen bombs. Fast Facts: Robert J. Oppenheimer Known For: Leader of the Manhattan Project, which developed the atomic bombAlso Known As: Father of the Atomic BombBorn: April 22, 1904 in New York City,  New YorkParents: Julius Oppenheimer, Ella FriedmanDied: February 18, 1967 in Princeton, New JerseyEducation: Harvard College, Christs College, Cambridge, University of Gà ¶ttingenPublished Works:  Science and the Common Understanding, The Open Mind, The Flying Trapeze: Three Crises for PhysicistsAwards and Honors:  Enrico Fermi Award  Spouse: Katherine Kitty PueningChildren: Peter, KatherineNotable Quote: If atomic bombs are to be added as new weapons to the arsenals of a warring world, or to the arsenals of the nations preparing for war, then the time will come when mankind will curse the names of Los Alamos and Hiroshima. The people of this world must unite or they will perish. Early Life Julius Robert Oppenheimer was born in New York City on April 22, 1904, to Ella Friedman, an artist, and Julius S. Oppenheimer, a textile merchant. The Oppenheimers were German-Jewish immigrants but did not keep religious traditions. Oppenheimer attended the Ethical Culture School in New York. Although J. Robert Oppenheimer easily grasped both the sciences and humanities (and was especially good at languages), he graduated from Harvard in 1925 with a degree in chemistry. Oppenheimer continued his studies and graduated from the University of Gottingen in Germany with a Ph.D. After earning his doctorate, Oppenheimer traveled back to the U.S. and taught physics at the University of California at Berkeley. He became well known for being both a well-regarded teacher and a research physicist- not a common combination. In 1940, Oppenheimer married Katherine Peuning Harrison and their eldest child was born. Harrison, a radical student at Berkeley, was one of many communists in Oppenheimers circle of friends. The Manhattan Project During the beginning of World War II, news arrived in the U.S. that the Nazis were progressing toward the creation of an atomic bomb. Though the Americans were already behind, they believed they could not allow the Nazis to build such a powerful weapon first. In June 1942, Oppenheimer was appointed the director of the Manhattan Project, Americas team of scientists that would work to create an atomic bomb. Oppenheimer threw himself into the project and proved himself not only a brilliant scientist but also an exceptional administrator. He brought the best scientists in the country together at the research facility at Los Alamos, New Mexico. After three years of research, problem-solving,  and original ideas, the first small atomic device was exploded on July 16, 1945, in the lab at Los Alamos. Having proved their concept worked, a larger scale bomb was built and exploded at the Trinity site. Less than a month later, atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan. A Problem With His Conscience The massive destruction the bombs inflicted troubled Oppenheimer. He had been so caught up in the challenge of creating something new and the competition between the U.S. and Germany that he- and many of the other scientists working on the project- had not considered the human toll that would be caused by these bombs. After the end of World War II, Oppenheimer began to voice his opposition to creating more atomic bombs and specifically opposed developing a more powerful bomb using hydrogen, known as a hydrogen bomb. Unfortunately, his opposition to the development of these bombs caused the United States Atomic Energy Commission to examine his loyalty and questioned his ties to the Communist Party in the 1930s. The Commission decided to revoke Oppenheimers security clearance in 1954. Award From 1947 to 1966, Oppenheimer worked as the director of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1963, the Atomic Energy Commission recognized Oppenheimers role in the development of atomic research and awarded him the prestigious Enrico Fermi Award. Death Oppenheimer spent his remaining years researching physics and examining the moral dilemmas related to scientists. Oppenheimer died in 1967 at age 62 from throat cancer. Legacy The invention of the atomic bomb had a profound impact on the outcome of World War II and on the ensuing Cold War and arms race. Oppenheimers personal ethical dilemma has become the focus of myriad books and several plays, including In the Matter of J. Robert Oppenheimer. Sources â€Å"J. Robert Oppenheimer (1904 - 1967).†Ã‚  Atomic Archive.â€Å"J. Robert Oppenheimer.†Ã‚  Atomic Heritage Foundation, 22 Apr 1904.â€Å"J. Robert Oppenheimer.†Ã‚  United States History.

Wooden Chairs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Wooden Chairs - Essay Example Thirdly, pollution prevention mechanism is adopted to reduce air, water and soil pollution caused by wastes and gas emissions from the production of chairs. Lastly, recycling is used to put wastes into use and minimize wastes. In terms of implementation, the briefing paper suggests the formation of a five-member committee to oversee the implementation of the programme through planning, monitoring and evaluation. Wooden furniture production industries play significant roles in the process of development in tropical countries with abundant sources of wood and timber. Wooden furniture industries contribute economic benefits and enhance economic growth in such countries (International Trade Centre and International Tropical Timber Organization, 2005). Wood-processing companies such as companies producing wooden chairs create employment and expand the tax base of the country. They also promote the development of physical and institutional infrastructure needed for social and economic development of tropical countries. Furthermore, wooden chairs producers provide foreign exchange earnings and encourage investment in support industries. However, there are various challenges that wooden furniture producers need to consider in their business. This briefing paper will address one of the challenges affecting the company producing wooden chairs – environmental or social impact. Any organisation engaged in the production of goods using natural resources needs to consider environmental or social issues in order to enhance environmental and social sustainability for a sustainable development (International Trade Centre and International Tropical Timber Organization 2005). In this period when climate change is becoming real, human life is directly and indirectly affected. Therefore, companies producing furniture need to develop mechanisms that may be used to conserve natural resources and prevent

Environmental and strategic analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Environmental and strategic analysis - Essay Example This is due to its low cost strategy. Like any other company, when the management makes decisions it has to be guided by different factors that directly or indirectly affect the company. All organisations are affected by external and internal factors and like any other company, Ryanair is not left behind. It is advisable for the airline to use the PEST analysis to view its policy making strategies thus look at how the company is performing to ensure that it does not lose market. Such analyses will ensure that the management is able to keep, ignore and adapt strategies to make the company more competitive and unique (West, 2007). The paper will examine Ryanair airline by using Porter’s 5 forces and McKenzie 7s framework. To understand how Ryanair Airline has been able to survive to the resent times it is advisable to use Porter’s 5 forces analysis to critically examine its strategies. The strategy and its concepts came from Michael Porter. The 5 forces were derived from Industrial Organisation economics which generally helps a company to know its intensity in competition moreover show what attracted the company to join the market. It should be noted that the amount of profit is what attracts the company to the market whereas unattractiveness is simply the implementations of poor strategies that lead to a loss. According to the forces, when a company approaches pure competition it means that it is becoming unattractive. According to Porter such implementations are referred to as micro environment which are within the company and they do affect how a company is able to reach its customers. Customer service provision is what brings about profit in the company (McGahan, 2004, pp. 203-205). The st ages of the framework are discussed below step by step. According to the strategy, a company can decide to offer products or services that will act as substitutes to change the demand of its customers. The

Bullying and the effects on the individuals Essay Example for Free

Bullying and the effects on the individuals Essay Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explain what is bullying and the consequences of bullying. Bullying is where the bullier intentially causes physical harm or emotional stress to the victim. Bullies are angry and aggressive and dominate their victims and choose their targets by weakness and vulnerability and the victim is non dominant and usually does not fight back. There are severe warning signs that this is not a normal behavior and usually starts as a child and can still be a behavior done in adulthood. There are four different types of bullying and several descriptive behaviors. Bullying can lead to severe self-esteem issues. Aggressive behavior, dominant individual who abuses power by threating less dominant individual. Behavior is repeated or has potential to become repetitive over time. Bullying includes making threats spreading rumors, attacking someone or seclusion. This can be in person or anonymously by being a cyber-bully. This is important because bullying or being bullied appear to indicate that something is wrong and children who experience bullying either as aggressor or a victim need help. Bullying start as a child and without help it can grow into a big issue to deal with as an adult. Types There are three most common types of bullying and numerous tactics used when targeting their victims. Bullies intend to harm their victims with power imbalance. Power imbalance is crucial for the bully because their victim  cannot defend themselves. Power difference can be age, size, or strength. The victim as a result can feel weak, small, vulnerable, scared and dumb. There is typically more than one time that the bully will attack there same victim. Weather it is the same act or different behaviors on the victim. The third aspect on bully behaviors is the intentions to cause harm another person. The bully harasses people on purpose. Their behavior is not a â€Å"joke† or accident. The victim feels embarrassed, ashamed, angry, or scared. There are different forms of bullying; physical, verbal, cyber and relational aggression. Physical involves hitting, kicking, pushing, tripping, stealing or breaking property. Verbal abuse hurts the victim emotionally with words. Name calling, threating, yelling, intimidation and laughing. Relational uses other people to hurt their victims. This is more hurtful to some people because their friends are talking behind their back. The bully spreads rumors and gossip around. The last form is cyberbullying which is done with improved technology. This can be over the internet, email, text or social media. The bully can interact relational and verbal forms. Name calling, insults and lies or threats can lead to physical harm to the victim. This can happen 24/7 and anonymously. So it is harder to find out who is the bully. There are many influences that the bully has and that is the reason why the bully has certain behaviors. Gender, orientation, environment, family problems, race or developmental problems. The bully usually has anger issues and experiences some type of abuse. The person takes out their feelings on someone who can or will not fight back. The bully may be physically and verbally abused by parents or older siblings. So when they are around someone who is not a threat they tend to do the same abuse to the victim to feel superior and worthy. The parents may have substance abuse, emotional issues, low self-esteem, single parent household and many other reasons. The family is not connected and bad communication. Lack of rules may also play a role. The victims have low self-esteem because they feel powerless. They listen and believe what is said to them and about them. They may feel helpless,  hopeless hurt non worthy and have negative outcomes, anxiety and depression. These can lead to substance abuse, drinking and lack of motivation, eating disorders and increase risk of suicide. These are main of bullying. Conclusion In conclusion bullying is a nationwide problem and it has major problems that affect another human being. This usually starts as a child and never ends without proper treatment. There is a behavior problem that is not normal to intentially cause harm to another person. there are many factors that influence the bully behavior. The victim as a result has low self-esteem. Depression and anxiety. The dominant and less dominant parties need and is recommended to get counseling to reduce long term constiquences. The improved bullying is done with updated technology and can remain unknown. References Kimble, D. and Colman, M (1995): Biological aspects of behavior, Longman Publishers, available at http://www.le.ac.uk/psychology/amc/ Kuykendrat, S. (2012) Ph D.Bullying Santa Barbra: ABC-clio. Zastrow, C. H. Kirst-ashmand K.K. (2010) Understanding human behavior and the social environment. (8th ed ) Belmonth, CA brooks/cole http://www.stopbullying.gov/what-is-bullying/rel

Holdens Depression in Catcher in the Rye Essay -- J. D. Salinger

The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, portrays Holden Caulfield as a manic-depressive. Holden uses three techniques throughout the novel to cope with his depression. He smokes, drinks, and talks to Allie. Although they may not be positive, Holden finds comfort in these three things. Holden smokes a lot when he is nervous, or bored. When the stripper is in his room he noticed that she is shaking her foot as if she is nervous. He offers her a cigarette, twice. Both times she says no. Holden offers Sunny the cigarette because he thinks it would calm her down, like cigarettes calm him down when he is nervous. â€Å"I sat in the chair for a while and smoked a couple of cigarettes†¦boy, I felt miserable† (98). The smoking habit may have come from his mother. Holden says his mother smokes a ton when she is nervous (158). Holden does this when he is nervous too. The additive nicotine calms a person’s nerves when they smoke. He continues to smoke when he is nervous, and if one cigarette doesn’t do it, he’ll smoke another making him an avid chain smoker. He smoked two packs in the first few d...

Lateralization of Functions: Left and Right Hemispheres

Brain is the most complex structure ever evolved in Universe such that it contains billions and billions of neurons that act and react in interconnected ways leading to the emergence of thought, consciousness, feelings, emotions and creative thinking, all subsumed under the enigmatic term mind. The brain is a multilayered structure that is folded into many folds, the surface of which is known as the gray matter and the inner areas deep within the cortex is known as the white matter (the color is because of the fatty substance).The cerebral cortex is the area of associative functions of the brain that is divided into many fissures such as lateral fissure and central fissure. The four lobes formed based on these fissures are the frontal lobes, parietal lobes, temporal lobes and occipital lobes. The cerebral hemisphere is divided into two halves: the left hemisphere and the right hemispheres with asymmetric functions.Corpous callousum is the structure that joints the two hemispheres so that the brain functions according to the Lashley principle of mass action, that is, it is the integrative functions of the two hemispheres that result in the coordinated activates of individuals, that is behavior. Lateralization of Functions: Left and Right Hemispheres Lateralization of brain function means that each hemisphere, that is the right or the left, specializes in certain functions so that the inactivity of a hemisphere result in the damage to that function or that function totally disappears from the behavior repertoire.Left hemisphere or right hemisphere dominances are responsible for the controlling of those respective functions. Lateraisation of functions may be studied using different methods like the ancient method of inserting an electrode in the brain and the modern methods of imaging, scanning and intravenous injections. The Wada Test introduces an anesthetic to one hemisphere of the brain, that is intravenous injection, following which, that is after anesthetize d, neuropsychological tests are conducted to determine the effect of hemispheric paralysis or inactivity.Less invasive techniques such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computerized Axial Tomography, SQUID and Poisson Emission Tomography are used to study dominance. Brain function lateralization is also determined in the phenomena of right or left handedness and of right or left ear preference (Lateralization of brain functions, 2009). However it is to be stated that preferences are not always a clear indication of hemispheric specialization. Ninety five percent of the right handed people have left hemisphere dominance for language and only eighteen point eight per cent of left handed people have right hemisphere dominance for language functions.Sodium amytal tests indicate that 95 percent of right handed people are specialized in left hemisphere for language functions (Milner, 1974). Left hemisphere is specialized for language functions (Corina, et al, 1992). Left hemisphere strokes t hat leads to right sided paralysis (the left side of the brain controls the right side of the body and right side of the hemisphere controls the left side of the body known as ipsilateral control) result in serious language problems .The left hemisphere temporal lobe region known as the Wernicke’s area is involved in the understanding of spoken and written language. The language region in the lower frontal lobe is known as Broca’s area, the area involved in speech production The damage to the Broca’s area leads to the slow and infrequent speech thereby the fluency is impaired. The left brain does all the functions related to analysis, logical, mathematical thinking, cause-effect relations and scientific thinking. In figurative language, the left brain is said to be, the Western brain whereas the right brain is the Eastern brain.The sequential nature of processing of information carried out by the left hemisphere is contrasted with the global processing of right hemisphere (Springer and Deutsch, 1989). Right hemisphere specializes in â€Å"soft† functions characterized as appreciation of music, art, production of relaxation, quietness, peace, spatial relations, recognition and memory patterns of stimulation (Morgan, etal. 1993) and the patterns are visual, tactile or spatial. Damage to these areas prevents these functions so that the person may fail to recognize the face of other people, fail to appreciate music and fail to relax.People practicing mediation is said to show changes in the electrical activity of the brain which means that electrical waves called alpha dominate in their lives. Significant changes in the electrical activity of people practicing mediation and not practicing mediation are located in studies. Emotional expression is another function that dominates the right hemisphere (Zaidel, 1994). In short, identification of faces, facial expressions of emotions, line slopes or dot locations occur more quickly when these are ‘shown’ to the right hemisphere. The distinct functions are explained in Table 1.Split Brain Studies Different functional specialization of the hemispheres are observed in the studies of split brain patients, who are characterized by the severing of corpus callousum so that there is no anatomical connection between the two halves and the two hemispheres act independently. Roger S. Sperry has conducted many studies with split brain patients whose brain functioned independently without transferring message between the two halves. With split brain patients visual input can be restricted to the left or right hemisphere because of the anatomical connections between the eyes and the brain.From the right visual field, stimuli go to the left hemisphere and the input from the left visual field goes to the right hemisphere. In this way the visual image of the word ‘ring’ reaches the left hemisphere, while the word ‘key’ reaches the right hemisphere in a form of experiment. It is found that split brain patients report the word ‘ring’ and they do not report the word ‘key’ sent to the right hemisphere, implying that there is no connection between the two halves of the brain. Moreover the left hemisphere specializes in the language function. And it is also found that the patients can recognize the word â€Å"key† by non-verbal language.

Intro To Philosophy 1030-202 Essay

Socrates was not a Sophist; he never took money for his teaching, and rejected sophistical arguments.For one thing, the sophists taught for money. Socrates did not. For another, the sophists used language to win arguments and to sway people’s opinion regardless of the truth. Socrates used language to attain the truth. Socrates lived as an independent man. he did not want to go under any category. He was not paid for his â€Å"irony† and maieutics. Therefore he was not a sophist, as being a sophist was having a profession. Socrates was genuinely worried about why the young men were so disappointing. Socrates’ young students had been a particular disappointment to him. If Socrates could figure out exactly how the fathers had failed to properly educate their sons, he could save the city and restore Athens to its former glory. Socrates’ interesting idea was that human excellence was really a kind of knowledge. Sophists were skilled in elaborate argumentation; were they would try and make the argument they were focusing on the stronger side, even if it was wrong or weaker. This often made them seem devious as they were working only for the benefit of themselves and their students, who were aiming to become high profile speakers or politicians. Socrates was unlike this in that his main focus was not on argumentation or speaking, he rather focused on questioning virtues to understand morals and ethics. He believed that all opinions were valid which also opposed the views of the Sophists who assumed that the wisest of people were genuinely correct and only they had the ability to teach. The main goal of socrates was unlike that of the sophists. The aim of the Sophists was varied around material possession and desire. They believed knowledge is a means to power and is to be used for political or material gain. Socrates believed his questions would encourage personal growth and create a better society as a whole who would understand philosophy and ethics. Him only questionig rather than focusing on teaching separates him from the Sophists. This is due to the fact that questioning isn’t a real method of teaching and Socrates himself stated â€Å"I know one thing, that I know nothing†. This puts him on the same level as his interlocutor and gives him an insight to other opinions. In Ancient Greece, the sophists were a group of teachers of philosophy and rhetoric. This group of Greek philosophers and teachers in the 5th century BC, who speculated on a wide range of subjects flawed arguments superficially correct in its reasoning, which deliberately invalid argument displaying ingenuity in reasoning in the hope of deceiving someone. There was a difference between the two, sophists showed that equally good arguments could be advanced on either side of any issue; they were skeptics who doubted that there could be any certain or reliable knowledge. On the other hand, socrates was committed to the pursuit of truth and considered it his mission to seek out certain knowledge. Unlike philosophers before them, Sophists claimed to be wise enough to teach whatever you might want to know as long as you. Socrates said he was a citizen of the world. Whether in Athens or elsewhere he was meditating, and he was helping others finding their true selves. Furthermore, Socrates did not travel from city to city seeking new students to teach. He was the opposite in that he remained loyal to his home town of Athens. This is evident as he started becoming popular amongst the people who would often regard him as ‘annoying’. His popularity therefore proves that he wasn’t a travel like the sophists. Socrates has some attributes of the Sophists, such as having students, his overall method and aim was contrary to theirs. Socrates himself states in his apology â€Å"I do indeed admit that I am eloquent. But in how different a way from theirs!† which reinforces the fact that he may be good in rhetoric but his goal is not to teach argumentation and political skills. As a result it is clear that Socrates wanted to simply question people on ethics and morals and not teach for material or prolific gains.

Rational Thinking Essays - Internalism And Externalism, Free Essays

Rational Thinking Essays - Internalism And Externalism, Free Essays Rational Thinking The Change in Rational Thinking Before 1750 The idea of rational thinking has been debated ever since the beginning of human existence. As humans we base what we think on what we know, during the 1600's if a person was black than they must have been inferior. This thinking seemed rational to the people of this period because they didn't know any better. The concept of rationality throughout time has always been a matter of perspective. If you are taught from birth that black people are inferior and grow-up with this idea in your head than you have no other basis for how you perceive someone with a skin color other than yourself. If we think about it, before 1650 belief was all that was needed when there was an argument about religion. People listened to what the Pope had to say because he was thought to be an extenuation of God, and whatever he preached was obviously true. Today we look at that behavior and laugh, if even half of the rationalism that was applied 350 years ago was applied today in some religions, no one would enter into them. It is good to know that through research by men like Aristotle, who determined that the earth is round, someone like Copernicus can learn that the earth is not only orbiting like the stars but it is orbiting the biggest planet the sun. But this knowledge came with a price; the Pope who was believed infallible did not approve of any of these radical nee findings, everything that these men were saying went right against the beliefs of the Catholic Church. A couple of hundred years earlier this new thinking would have had a lot harder time getting off the ground because there was no fast, economical way to spread the information. That was until the invention of the printing press, now the Pope had to deal with the problem that these ideas could be printed and distributed in a fast manner. With society now having the ability to gain access to new information, people began to question the rationalism of the Roman Catholic Church. Not to mention at this same time the Pope and the Church now had to deal with the outrage from Martin Luther who was causing all sort of problems up at Wittenberg. He was focused on taking a majority of the Church's ideas and thinking about them in a rational way not mystical. To him the Church had an uncanny way of always being able to manipulate the meaning of the word to suit its best interest. Luther decided that a lot of the Church's ideas were hogwash, so he decided to post a critique of ninety-five changes to the Roman Catholic Church's teachings. In the end he also paid the ultimate price, his life. In the years approaching 1700 society began to look at the fact that there were other ways of thinking, this set off a rash ideologies from scientists, philosophers and even people within religions to approach thinking with a more defined, rational point of view. Even when it came to wealth did the event of rational thinking take place. For centuries there have been many various ideas for what the meaning of wealth is. From it being bullion, commodities, the market and finally today the concept of capitalism. It is funny to think that capitalism may not even be the true idea about wealth, but behind it all is the progression of rational thinking and ideas. It must have been interesting to be alive for the early years to experience ideas that seemed far away but seemed rational. In addition these intelligent people finally had findings to back up what they were saying.

Jodi Picoult Bio

Jodi Picoult Bio Jodi Picoult is a bestselling author of literary fiction, although many have called her books womens fiction. Shes an unusually  prolific author, having written over twenty novels. Jodi Picoults books are quick paced and controversial. Is the woman behind the books as provocative?   Born: May 19, 1966, in Nesconset on Long Island in New York. Family Life: Picoults family moved to New Hampshire when she was 13. Although she left New Hampshire for college and her early jobs, she settled there again as a married woman. She currently lives in Hanover, New Hampshire with her husband, Tim Van Leer, and their three children, Sammy, Kyle and Jake. She was raised in a non-practacing  Jewish household.   Education: Picoult studied writing at Princeton University, where she earned her bachelors degree. She also earned a masters degree in education from Harvard University. Writing: Picoult wrote her first story, The Lobster which Misunderstood, when she was five. While at Princeton, she published two stories in Seventeen magazine. She wrote her first novel, Songs of the Humpback Whale, while she was pregnant with her first child, and published it in 1992. Picoults novels usually deal with ethical issues and are told from a variety of viewpoints, with each chapter written in a different characters voice. Picoult uses this technique to show multiple sides of a situation and underscore areas of moral ambiguity. She has several reoccurring  characters, who have appeared in multiple books. While characters may make cameo appearances the books are not part of a series. All of her novels are stand alone titles.   She is known for her incredibly researched plots, many of which involve some kind of courtroom drama. As she usually writes roughly a book a year, Picoult is always researching one book while completing work on a previous title.   Here is a complete list of all Jodi Picoults books. Movies: Picoult writes stories that are heart-wrenching and full of family drama. It should be no surprise, then, that several of her books have been adapted into films for Lifetime, a TV network for women. Her first feature film, My Sisters Keeper, was released in theaters in 2009. It starred Cameron Diaz and Abigail  Breslin. Here is a complete list of all Jodi Picoults movies. Jodi Picoult Trivia: Picoults family has two Springer spaniels, two donkeys, two geese, three ducks and six chickens.When her oldest son finished reading My Sisters Keeper, he broke into tears and wouldnt speak to his mother for a while because he was so mad about the ending.Picoult has had personal experience with the sort of medical drama she writes about. When her middle son, Jake, was six he was diagnosed with cholesteatoma in his ear a benign tumor that can grow into your brain and kill you. He had 10 surgeries in three years and was partially deaf until recently.Picoult likes to read Alice Hoffman.Picoult has also written one book titled  Off the Page  with her daughter. Sammy chose to write under the name Samantha van Leer. It is considered a young adult novel.   Jodi Picoults Official Website: jodipicoult.com

Domestic Violence and Health Consequences Research Proposal

Domestic Violence and Health Consequences - Research Proposal Example mestic abuse or spouse abuse is when a family member is suppressed or dominated by another member, partner or ex-partner in a psychological or a physical manner. According to Buzawa (2002), â€Å"Domestic violence is operationally defined as violence between intimates living together or who have previously cohabited.† Domestic violence usually takes place between spouses and is also called spousal abuse but it can also occur among people living together that is, among brothers, child and parent, sisters, friends and non-married intimate partners. People from various races, sexes, religions and cultural backgrounds sexes can be the victims of domestic violence. It occurs and affects all kinds of people and couples. Domestic Violence doesn’t just affect a way a person acts, but it affects their health as well. Domestic violence is defined as behavior used by one person in a relationship to control another. The relationship can be between married or unmarried couples, separated or dating, gay or lesbian. Domestic violence includes, keeping a partner away from calling his/her friends or family, withholding money, threatening or harming physically, calling names or putdowns, stalking, intimidation and abusing sexually. It can occur occasionally, on and off or very often. The intensity of harm can be mild, severe and also can go up to homicide. However emotional, psychological and financial abuse is not considered criminal violence like physical abuse but may lead to criminal violence. Domestic abuse caught attention only after womans movement in 1970s, particularly feminism and women’s rights which was focused on the wives being physically assaulted by their husbands. And only after the mens movement the abuse of men by women has caught attention. Domestic violence can have some very serious physical and mental effects on the victims as well as the children of a family where domestic violence occurs, and they are more likely to be ignored or to get

E-Payment Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

E-Payment Systems - Essay Example The report has conducted a brief literature review regarding e-payment systems in order to highlight their importance for an e-commerce company. Advantages, disadvantages and implications of three types of e-payment systems as Biometric Payments, Mobile Payments and Person-to-Person (P2P) Payments have been discussed in the report and based on the evaluation; the report has recommended suitable e-payment solution to the client. In the later section, the report has also evaluated security frameworks that can protect the customer account information, transaction information and website database from unauthorized and malicious access. At the end of the report, suitable security recommendation has also been provided to the client, which can not only increase transparency of the e-payment system but also help the client to improve their brand presence through social media marketing. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 E- Commerce and E-Payment Systems 4 Different types E- Payment Systems 6 Biometric Payments 6 Mobile e-Payments 7 Person-to-Person (P2P) Payments 9 Recommendations 11 Website and Database Security 13 Conclusion 15 Introduction Fazlollahi (2002) stated that demand for e-payment and online transaction has been increased manifold with the growth of e-commerce. ... archer will propose e-payment system for Book Bunker that can not only help the client to ease the payment process but also increase their online presence. In the next section, the researcher will describe the theoretical model of e-payment system in order to prepare the background of the proposed recommendations. Three different e-payment systems will be proposed for Book Bunker and security suggestion will also be provided at the end of the report. E- Commerce and E-Payment Systems According to Khosrow-Pour (2008), e-commerce sites help users to buy and sell products and merchandises through online platform and internet communication. When product purchase and sell is being done online then it would be unfeasible to connect manual cash payment with the virtual system due to three reasons, 1- lack of synchronization between manual and online system, 2- lack of symmetry in the information processing and 3- synchronization might decrease the speed of processing (Khosrow-Pour, 2008). H ence, it can be said that absence of e-payment system might create problem for users of the system to pay cash in the virtual environment of e-commerce. Heng (2004) reported that before the arrival of e-payment system, e-commerce companies introduced various e-cash systems such as â€Å"Millicent†, â€Å"Digicash†, and â€Å"PayBox† etc as the predecessor of e-payment system but this earlier version of e-payment systems failed to provide the security and efficiency of transactions. Due to such inefficiency of previous e-payment system, customers shifted to online transaction via credit/debit cards payment or cash payment. According to Abrazhevich (2004), consumers also check for the security settings in the e-payment system and often stop using the e-payment system if the service vendor has

Internal Analysis as a part of strategic planning process of WRSX Assignment

Internal Analysis as a part of strategic planning process of WRSX - Assignment Example Strategic planning is a means of planning at present about the desired future of the company using the knowledge and information about the company today (Special Libraries Association, 2001, p.1). WRSX is a global advertising company, which has been successfully delivering good fortunes in the advertising industry for the past 8 years. Until recently, for about a year, the company had been underperforming below what it is capable of. Failure in strategic management is the primary reason behind this situation. A well-defined, effective strategic plan is the key to success of the company in the near future. This study shows the benefits involved in including internal analysis as a part of the strategic management process and how it can bring WRSX in the right track towards its sustainability and success, in this changing world. Typically, a strategic management process consists of four broad areas. They are: Environmental Scanning, Strategy Formulation, Evaluation and Control (Akhafaji , 2003, p. 6). All these four components are inter-related to each other. Effective strategic planning helps the company to remain focused and achieve the future goals and objectives successfully. Basically a strategic planning process has four main purposes.... The Resource Based View (RBV) approach to strategy management is a tool to identify the potential resources of a firm which can be utilized to achieve competitive advantage and can result in strong performance of the company in future (Barney, J & Penrose, E, 2011). Short-term competitive advantage created from use of available resources of WRSX productively can lead WRSX to sustaining that competitive advantage for a long term if these resources are not imitable or substitutable easily. WRSX needs to develop its resources into core competencies to create competitive advantage. For this VRIN model can be utilized. This model includes the following five attributes of resources: 1) Valuable, meaning the resources must be valuable to the company in creating the strategy, 2) Rare, meaning the resources must be scarcely available to others, in creating value to the company, 3) In-imitable, meaning it cannot be easily imitated, and 4) Non-substitutable, meaning that availability of substit utes are rare (Rothaermel, 2008, p.208-209). WRSX has always been known for creativity and innovation. These are the two key attributes which is very much valuable to the company. These can neither be imitated nor substituted because creations and innovations of WRSX are its own and developed by WRSX only. WRSX enjoys a core competency in developing creativity and is an absolute necessity for an advertising agency like WRSX to satisfy its customer requirements. This helps WRSX attaining competitive advantage over its rivals and must build on it and work for more and more creations and innovations and encourage it at all levels of the company. Development of strategic capabilities can also be a key to the success WRSX. The six

Cognitiveâ€behavioural Syndromes of Neglect and Anosognosia

Cognitive–behavioural Syndromes of Neglect and Anosognosia Considering the neuropsychological diseases discussed during the course, critically compare and discuss theoretical interpretations of at least two syndromes Consciousness is one of the most interesting phenomena of the human mind. Consciousness refers to the integration of the cognitive experiences about self and the external environment (Orfei et al., 2007). However, when this psychological function is damaged, it may lead to dysfunctions in the attention and awareness of personal identity. The focus of the following essay is to provide insight into why the cognitive–behavioural syndromes of neglect and anosognosia for hemiplegia that occur following right hemisphere stroke develop, and to evaluate to what extent this is true, taking into consideration their theoretical interpretations. Anosognosia has been defined by Babinsky (1914) as an impairment leading to unawareness of neurological and cognitive deficits following a brain injury. Individuals who suffer from anosognosia present with motor impairments which lead to gait and self-care deficits and are unaware of their impairments in functioning (Kortte Hillis, 2010). The syndrome of anosognosia often co-occurs with visuo-spacial neglect (Prigatano et al., 2011). Heilman, Watson and Valenstein (1994) defined neglect as a deterioration in attention towards or in response to a stimuli, which is not attributable to a motor or sensory impairment. Neglect is presented as a spectrum, with a variety of forms based on the regions of the lesion, the mode of outputs, reference frame and the sensory modality (Hillis Caramazza, 1995). Alongside their co-occurrence, anosognosia and neglect also overlap in terms of lesion sites, to be more specific, the right temporo-parietal junction, the superior and middle temporal gyri and the right insula (Beschin, Cocchini, Allen Della Sala, 2012). The lesion in the right temporo-parietal junction is extremely important in mechanisms of selective attention. More recent neuroimaging studies have recommended that parts of the parietal and temporal cortex are creating a supramodal structure that interposes goal-directed attention in multiple sensory modalities (Chambers, Stokes Mattingley, 2004). Furthermore, neuroimaging studies show that the insula is very important in self-awareness and in one’s convictions about the functioning of their body parts (Karnath, Baier Nagele, 2005). Taking these in consideration, a lesion in these areas will lead to a dysfunction in directing attention towards a specific stimulus and about their beliefs of body parts functioning, therefore affecting the motor system. The two theoretical interpretations that provide a link between anosognosia and neglect, taking in consideration the dysfunctions presented earlier, are the attentional interpretation model for neglect and the feed-forward model for anosognosia. The attentional interpretation model is a model proposed by Heilman et al. (1993) which states that each hemisphere is provided with its own attentional neurological system, with the attentional system in the right hemisphere directing attention towards both sides of the visual field, whereas the attentional system in the left hemisphere directing attention only towards the right visual field. Therefore, if there is a damage to the left hemisphere, there won’t be a severe right neglect, whereas if there is a lesion to the right hemisphere, the patient will be unable to direct his/hers attention to the left visual field (Bisiach et al., 1998). Corbetta et al. (1993) conducted a PET study on 24 healthy volunteers in order to identify what are the neural systems involved in changing spatial attention towards a visual stimulus in the right or left visual field. Results showed that the right parietal cortex was activated when the participant was required to shift their attention in each visual field, whereas the left parietal lobe was active only when the participants had to change their attention to the right visual field. These finding suggest that the parietal and frontal regions control different aspects of special selection and also support the model proposed by Heilman et al. (1993). However, the attentional interpretation model cannot account for the dysfunctions in the motor system on its own. Therefore, we have to also take in consideration the attentional-arousal hypothesis and the directional hypokenisia. The attentional-arousal hypothesis suggests that neglect is predominantly a form of inattention emerging from the failure of triggering arousal that is needed to activate the neuronal systems necessary for spatial attention (Heilman Valenstien, 1972; Watson et al., 1973, 1974). Furthermore, the attentional hypothesis appears to be in close connection with the motor intention, since when one is directing his/hers attention towards a specific location, one is also ready to perform an action in that direction (Heilman Valenstien, 2003). Directional hypokenisia suggests that patients who suffer from neglect are reluctant in initiating movements towards the contralesional side. Moreover, even when patients are directing attention towards the neglected side and have imposed on them a strategy, their performance not only remained abnormal, but it doesn’t improve (Heilman Valenstien, 1979). In a study conducted by Heilman and Valenties (1979), six patients with neglect were asked to identify a letter that was presented either to the left or right at the end of a line, before bisecting it. The task included lines that were placed at either the left of the body midline, the right, or the centre. Results showed that participants performed significantly better when the line was placed to the right side of the body rather than the left side. These results suggest that the neglect syndrome is a defect in the orienting response. Heilman and Valenstien (1979) suggested that this response appears in anticipation of an action, using the increased arousal to lower the sensory threshold. Therefore, lesions inducing neglect are affecting the arousal (as previously mentioned via the attentional-arousal hypothesis), leading to the inability of the hemisphere to prepare for the action. Based on the same dysfunction of the computational model of motor control is the feed-forward model for anosognosia. More recent theories established on the recent computational models of motor control proposed by Frith et al. (2000), suggest that anosognosia results from an abnormality in motor planning. This theory suggests that, under normal circumstances, in order to develop the intention to move, â€Å"forward models† are being used in order to generate accurate indicators about the approaching sensory feedback. However, if an intended movement is not executed as planned, than a comparator will detect a discrepancy between what it was predicted and the absence of sensory feedback. Therefore, this error can be used to inform the motor system of a malfunction. Furthermore, Heilman and colleagues (1998) proposed that anosognosia is a ‘motor intentional deficit’ which appears from a failure to form motor intentions. Therefore, if the development of an intention t o move is deficient, then the comparator doesn’t receive any instructions about the outline of the movement and the patient considers that the movement has been executed, although no movement has taken place (Gold et. al, 1994). Fotopoulou et al. (2008) conducted a study in which they investigated the role of motor intention in anosognosic patients compared to non-anosognosic patients by detecting whether the anosognosic patients were able to identify the presence or absence of movement focusing only in the visual evidence. False visual feedback of movement in the left paralysed arm was used on four hemiplegic with and four without anosognosic patients. This false visual feedback was delivered using a prosthetic rubber hand. Results showed that patients with anosognosia were more likely than patients without anosognosia to ignore the visual feedback and believe that they moved they hand if there was an intention to move the hand (in the self-generated condition) than when the experimenter moved the rubber hand or when there was no movement. These results support that anosognosia reflects a dominance of motor intention prior to action over the sensory information received after the movement was made (Fotopoul ou et al., 2008). Although the studies presented above do provide a lot of insight in the computational model of awareness and provide an explanation of why these disorders have symptoms such as dysfunctions in directing attention towards a specific stimulus and also about their beliefs of body parts functioning, there are a few limitations to whether these theoretical interpretations can account by their one for the two syndromes. Firstly, although they may co-occur, anosognosia and neglect have also been observed separately. Cocchini, et al. (2009) investigated whether anosognosic patients present with unawareness in a group of 42 left hemisphere damaged patients, using a structured interview and the Visual-Analogue Test for Anosognosia for Motor Impairment (Della Sala, Cocchini, Beschin Cameron, in press). Their results showed that eight anosognosic patients and another twelve patients who were aware of their motor impairments didn’t showed signs of neglect. These results confirm that anosognosia couldn’t be thought of always co-occurring with neglect. Secondly, these results also suggest that there is a double dissociation between anosognosia and neglect (Bisiach et al., 1986). Dauriac-Le Masson et al. (2002) investigated this double dissociation by looking at two patients with a subacute right hemisphere stroke. Their investigation revealed that one of the patients suffered from a severe left hemiplegia which was associated with unilateral neglect and he showed signs of being aware of his motor impairment, whereas the second patient showed a severe anosognosia for hemiplegia, therefore with unawareness towards his motor impairment. These results suggest that although these two syndromes co-occur, they may rely on independent mechanisms because of their double dissociation. And lastly, both anosognosia and neglect are multifaceted processes (Marcel et al., 2004) and only the dysfunction in the computational model of motor control cannot account for all the symptoms of these two syndromes. To be more specific, even when patients who suffer from neglect and anosognosia are aware of their deficits, they still deny them. House and Hodges (1988) detail the case of an 89-year-old woman who suffered left-side paralysis after a right-hemisphere stroke. Although the experimenters demonstrated that her left arm was completely paralysed and her leg nearly paralysed, she failed to understand the severity of her condition and believed that she could still look after herself and walk, although she was in a wheelchair. Furthermore, Marcel et al. (2004) also described the case of several patients who although they were aware of their paralysed limbs, they still overestimated their abilities and believed they can perform bi-manual activities such as clapping their hands or tying a knot. These patients provide examples of another theory of anosognosia, the motivational theory which the patient denies his/hers deficit in order to maintain unharmed his/hers psychological balance (Weinstein Kahn, 1955; Weinstein, 1991). In conclusion, the focus of the essay was to provide insight into why the cognitive–behavioural syndromes of neglect and anosognosia for hemiplegia occur, and to evaluate to what extent this was true, by paying attention to their theoretical interpretations. As stated before, due to the lesions to the tempo-parietal region, the gyrus and insula there are dysfunctions in attention and beliefs about body parts functionality. The attentional intention model for neglect (together with the attentional-arousal hypothesis and the directional hypokenisia) and the feed-forward model for anosognosia provide a satisfactory explanation for these deficits by suggesting that there is a dysfunction in the motor system. For the neglect patients the lesions affect the arousal which leads to the inability to prepare them for action. For the anosognosic patients the lesions lead to a failure to form motor intentions, to be more specific if the intention to move is impaired , then the comparator doesn’t receive instructions about the planned action and the patient considers that the movement has been executed, even if that didn’t happen. However, these theoretical interpretations of dysfunctions in motor control cannot account on their own for all the symptoms of neglect and anosognosia. Previous literature suggests that although the incidence of co-occurrence is high, there are cases where anosognosia and neglect appear independently and present double dissociations. Furthermore, as proposed by Marcel et al. (2004) both syndromes are multifaceted syndromes and it can’t be possible that only one theoretical interpretation can account for these. In conclusion, both anosognosia and neglect are very interesting phenomena which have captured the attention of many researches, however fundamental issues of theoretical interpretations have not still been answered. References: Babinski J. (1914) Contribution a` l’e ´tude de troubles mentaux dans l’he ´miplegie organique ce ´re ´brale. Revue Neurologique 27, 845–847. Beschin, N., Cocchini, G., Allen, R., Della Sala, S. (2012). Dissociation between anosognosia and neglect demonstrated by mean of a treatment response bias. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 22(4), 550-562. Bisiach,E.,Vallar,G.,Perani,D.,Papagno,C.,Berti,A (1986).Unawareness of disease following lesions of the right hemisphere: anosognosia for hemiplegia and anosognosia for hemianopia.Neuropsychologia, 24, 471-482. Bisiach, E., Ricci, R., Modona, M.N. (1998). Visual Awareness and Anisometry of Space Representation in Unilateral Neglect: A Panoramic Investigation by Means of a Line Extension Task. Consciousness and Cognition, 7(3), 327-355. Chambers, C.D., Stokes, M.G., Mattingley, J.B. (2004). Modality specific control of strategic spatial attention in parietal cortex. Neuron, 44(6), 925-930. Cocchini, G., Beschin, N., Cameron, A., Fotopoulou A. Della Sala, S. (2009). Anosognosia for motor impairment following left-brain damage. Neuropsychology, 23, 223-230. Corbetta, M., Miezin, F.M., Shulman, G.L., Petersen, S.E. (1993). A PET study of visuospatial attention. Journal of Neuroscience, 12, 1202–1226. Dauriac- Le Masson, V., Mailhan, L., Louis- Dreyfus, A., De Montety, G., Denys, P., Bussel, B., Azouvi, P. (2002). Double dissociation between unilateral neglect and anosognosia. Revue neurologique, 158(4), 427-430. Della Sala S., Cocchini G., Beschin N., Cameron A. (in press).VATAm: Visual-analogue test for anosognosia for motor impairment: A new test to assess awareness for motor impairment. The Clinical Neuropsychologist Fotopoulou, A., Tsakiris, M., Haggard, P., Vagopoulou, A., Rudd, A., Kopelman, M. (2008). The role of motor intention in motor awareness: An experimental study on anosognosia for hemiplegia. Brain, 131, 3432-3442. Frith,C.D.,Blakemore,S.J.,Wolpert,D.M. (2000).Abnormalities in the awareness and control of action.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 355, 1771-8. Gold,M.,Adair,J.C.,Daniel,H.J.,Heilman,K.M. (1994).Anosognosia for hemiplegia: an electrophysiologic investigation of the feed-forward hypothesis,Neurology, 44, 1804. Heilman, K. M. and Valenstien, E. (1972) Frontal lobe neglect in man. Neurology, 22, 660-664. Heilman, K.M, Valenstein E. (1979) Mechanisms underlying hemispatial neglect. Annals of Neurology 5, 166- 170. Heilman, K.M., Watson, R.T., Valenstein, E. (1993).Neglect and related disorders. In Heilman, K.M. and Valenstein, E. (Eds.), Clinical Neuropsychology. New York: Oxford University Press, Ch. 10, 279-336. Heilman, K.M, Watson, R., Valenstein E. (1994). Localization of lesions in neglect and related disorders. In: Kertez, A.,editor, Localization and Neuroimaging in Neuropsychology. San Diego: Academic Peers, 495-524. Heilman,K.M.,Barret,A.M.,Adair,J.C. (1998). Possible mechanisms of anosognosia: a defect in self awareness.Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 355, 1903-1909. Heilman K.M, Valenstein, E. (2003) Clinical Neuropsychology, Fourth Edition. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK Hillis, A., Caramazza, A.(1995). A framework for interpreting distinct pattern of hemispatial neglect. Neurocase, 1, 189-207. House, A. and Hodges, J. (1988). Persistent denial of handicap after infarction of the right basal ganglia: A case study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 51, 112-115. Karnath, H.O., Baier, B., Nagele, T. (2005), Awareness of the functioning of one’s own limbs mediated by the insular cortex?. Journal of neuroscience, 25(31), 7134-7138. Kortte, K., Hillis A.E.( 2010). Recent Advances in the Understanding of Neglect and Anosognosia Following Right Hemisphere Stroke. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports, 9(6), 459–465. Marcel,A.J.,Tegner,R.,Nimmo-Smith,I. (2004). Anosognosia for plegia: specificity, extension, partiality and disunity of bodily awareness.Cortex, 40, 19-40. Orfei, M.D., Robinson, R.G., Prigatano, G.P., Starkstein, S., Rusch, N., Bria, P., Caltagirone, C., Spalletta, G. (2007). Anosognosia for hemiplegia after stroke is a multifaceted phenomenon: a systematic review of the literature. Brain, 130, 3075-3090. Prigatano, G.P., Matthes, J., Hill, S., Wolf, T.R. Heiserman, J.E. (2011). Anosognosia for hemiplegia with preserved awareness of complete cortical blindness following intracranial haemorrhage. Cortex, 47(10), 1219-1227. Watson, R.T., Heilman,K.M., Cauthen, J.C., King, F.A (1973). Neglect after cingulectomy. Neurology, 23(9), 1003-1007. Watson, R. T., Heilman, K. M., Millar, B. D. and King, F. A. (1974). Neglect after mesencephalic reticular formation lesions. Neurology, 24, 294-298. Weinstein, E.A. and Kahn, R.L. (1955). Denial of illness: Symbolic and physiological aspects, Springfield, IL: Thomas. Weinstein E. A. (1991).Anosognosia and denial of illness. In Prigatano G. P. Schacter D. L. (Eds.), Awareness of deficit after brain injury, 240–257.

Presidential Election Speech :: essays papers

Presidential Election Speech Hello my as many of you know my name is John Moriarty. I am running as the Democratic Candidate for President of the United States of America. So that you understand my positions on certain issues I will tell you a little about myself. I was born on August 16, 1948, my father was a former U.S. senator. I grew up in the Bronx, of New York, and I received a degree in Government from Harvard University. After I graduated I volunteered for enlistment in the U.S. Army and I served in Vietnam. When I returned to civilian life I married a woman named Nicole Swift, who is my wife to this day. We then started a family, in 1973 I had my first son named John, and in 1980 I had another son named James. I then studied Law at Vanderbillt Law School. In 1976 I was elected to represent New York in the U.S. House of Representatives, I was also elected to U.S. Senate in 1984 and again in 1990. I will now state my position on 4 separate issues that are current in the United Sates today. The first issue I will talk about is abortion. I am pro-choice, I do feel that women should have the right to choose if they want an abortion or not. Abortion is one of the most controversial issues in the United States today. One out of every three pregnancies never takes place because a woman has an abortion. It is understood that a new individual human begins growing in the mother’s uterus at fertilization. The term abortion refers to any premature expulsion of a human fetus. Approximately 93 percent of all induced abortions are done for elective, non-medical reasons. In 1973, the Supreme Court handed down Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton decisions legalizing abortion in all 50 states during all nine months of pregnancy, for any reason, medical, social, or otherwise. This problem has split America in to two sides; pro - choice and pro - life. In January 22, 1973 U. S Supreme Court declared that a women had the " Fundamental Fight" to have an abortion. I agree with the ruli ng the Supreme Court made I will stand by it. The next issue I am going to elaborate on is gun control. I am very supportive of controlling the amount of guns that are distributed, I feel that there is too many crimes with illegal guns that happen everyday.

The Study Of Nanoscience And Nanotechnology Developments Environmental Sciences Essay

Interest in the issue of safeguarding the ecological environment has steadily increased in recent decennaries. Parallel to this involvement, some companies in assorted sectors have increased the degree and quality environmental information communicated to investors and stakeholders in developing a new sort of revelation, environmental revelation[ 1 ]. Several research workers have focused on the inducements for houses to set about voluntarily unwrap information on their environmental public presentation. Research on the issue have focused on different facets of this revelation as its impact on stock monetary values, outlooks of investors and their information demands, appraisals of concern hazard and impact on the cost of capital and the grounds for such revelation and the schemes pursued by houses. The bulk of surveies on environmental revelation are made in developed states like Canada, the United States, England and Australia, but what about the utility and relevancy of information environmental context of an emerging market? It is progressively common to hear the footings nanotechnology nanoparticles, nanostructures, etc, in mundane conversations, but for most people is still hard to conceive of these words out of context of scientific discipline or scientific discipline fiction[ 2 ]. However, the impact is undeniable and the survey of nanoscience and nanotechnology developments will hold immense impact on societal, cultural and economic life of all of us daily. Furthermore, the positive scenario presents the great benefits that will convey nanotechnology in the countries of wellness, nutrient, energy, environment, electronics and telecommunications, etc like C nanotubes can be used in golf nines for strength and elation, nanosilver is used as an antimicrobic agent in socks, and clay nanoparticles mean that beer can be packaged in plastic.[ 3 ] But nanotechnology besides brings many hazards with it ; environmental and wellness jeopardies and this should be disclosed to the populace so that they can take portion in the determination doing associating to the usage of this engineering and be able to forestall themselves from the possible jeopardies of nanotechnology and supply solutions to cut down these jeopardies. Some of the possible hazardeous belongingss of nanomaterials are that they might ‘penetrate the blood-brain barrier every bit good as the blood-lungs barrier. ‘[ 4 ]Hazards like these give us all grounds to fear about jobs like ‘asbestos 2.0 scenario, in which a considerable figure of merchandises incorporating nanomaterials might hold to be recalled from the market. There is already some grounds that certain nano tubings might hold belongingss similar to asbestos. ‘ Therefore, one can non be excessively certain for how long market participants, particularly consumers, will be ready to accep t populating under this Damocles ‘ blade of uncertainness. ‘[ 5 ]‘More specific safety concerns include most notoriously the impacts of nanosilver ‘s powerful antimicrobic consequence on ecosystems, and the possible asbestos-like effects of certain signifiers of C nanotube in the lung. ‘[ 6 ]But the problematic inquiry is that whether we are ready to accept the advantageous nanotechnology with all its disadvantages and sick effects. And are we prepared to battle the ailments of nanotechnology particularly when the degree of certainty required to take action is really high. This is so because the harmful impact of the nanomaterials has non been wholly established to everyone ‘s satisfaction. In this brief research, we try to seek whether the current Torahs plenty to cover with the jobs posed by the usage of nanomaterials or do we necessitate nano Torahs to cover with the unanticipated possible menaces. We besides discuss effects of nanotechnology and speak about the function of public engagement in nanotechnologies and how it can assist work out the conflicting visions for nanotechnology and sustainability. The purpose of this research is to measure the importance of the function of public engagement in sustainable nanotechnology development. The survey will besides accomplish the undermentioned aims Basic apprehension of nanotechnology Professionals and cons of nanotechnology Comparisons of policies and ordinances of nanotechnology of UK, US and China The importance of function of public engagement in nanotechnology Science and engineering brings both the benefits every bit good as losingss for the society and environment. The importance of this survey is that it helps measure how public engagement can assist cut down the negative impacts of scientific discipline and engineering in the society and environment.The survey will seek and reply the undermentioned research inquiries:What is nanotechnology What are its possible benefits and jeopardies? What is the importance of public engagement in the sustainable development of nanotechnology? The research is based on the aggregation of secondary informations. The information is extracted from a assortment of articles, diaries and books. Secondary research means that the information is gathered from publications, literatures, broadcast media and other non-human beginnings. The method used here for research is qualitative.Chapter 2NanotechnologyNanotechnology – a signifier of molecular technology – promises important societal benefits. The term â€Å" nanotechnology † encompasses an emerging household of heterogeneous engineerings including â€Å" nanosciences † and â€Å" nanotechnologies † enabling the use of affair at the atomic degree ‘ .[ 7 ] Nanotechnology is the new developing field of unifying scientific discipline and engineering. It is believed by its advocates that nanotechnology or ‘Nano ‘ ‘has the possible to alter the economic system and the criterions of life. ‘[ 8 ]It is seen as agencies to ‘longer, healthier life with riddance of life threatening diseases. ‘[ 9 ]‘Nanoscience is the survey of the cardinal rules of molecules and constructions with at least one dimension approximately between 1 and 100 nanometres ( one-billionth of a metre, or 10-9 ) , otherwise known as the ‘nanoscale. ‘[ 10 ]Called nanostructures, these are the smallest solid things possible to do. ‘[ 11 ] Nanotechnology is the ability to step, see, manipulate and industry things normally between 1 and 100 nanometres. A nanometre is one billionth of a metre ; a human hair is approximately 100,000 nanometres broad. In 2007, the planetary market for goods integrating nanotechnology was 147 billion. Lux Research undertakings that figure will increase to $ 3.1 billion by 2015[ 12 ]. Nanoscience can be described as those who study constructions or objects with at least one dimension in the nanometer graduated table. The analysis of these constructions includes the word picture of their belongingss ( whether mechanical, electronic, optical, magnetic, etc. ) ; the survey of interaction may hold with other nanostructures, with electromagnetic moving ridges, etc. , and the description of phenomena that occur at this degree[ 13 ]. On the other manus, nanotechnology corresponds to the proficient capacity to modify and pull strings affair to develop functional constructions and devices with dimensions below 100 nanometers, for possible technological applications. For illustration, a construction typical of the devices produced by the microelectronics industry current would be 100s of times larger than a nanostructure with dimensions below a few 10s of nanometres[ 14 ]. There is certain grade of singularity in these nano atoms and the scientists use this singularity to develop merchandises. Even though the nanotechnology is still on its research stage there are many articles/applications utilizing this engineering available in the market, such as miniaturized nanoscale detectors, and devices for screening DNA molecules, pigments, glare-reducing coating for spectacless and cars, organic visible radiation breathing rectifying tubes used in laptop computing machines, cell phones, and digital cameras, featuring goods, cosmetics, stain-resistant vesture, and cosmetics, sunblocks. From the environment position point this engineering is both advantageous and disputing. The benefits include ‘remediation, monitoring, and green production. For illustration, field trials indicate that Fe nanoparticles can be used to clean up dirt by neutralizing contaminations such as polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT, and dioxin. Possibly the greatest promise that nanotechnologies hold for the environment, nevertheless, may be the mode in which they could basically alter the manner goods are manufactured. Traditional fabrication requires big sums of natural stuffs bring forthing waste and risky by merchandises in the procedure. Nanotechnology allows for edifice from the underside up utilizing merely those molecules that are needed for the merchandise, thereby extinguishing waste at the beginning. ‘[ 15 ] Sadly plenty even though nanotechnology is positively touching are modern lives in legion ways really small is known about the jeopardies of this engineering. The jeopardies are chiefly related to the usage, industry and the disposal of merchandises prepared from nanotechnology. The informations associated with these hazards is really minimum and is n't easy available for the populace. Many feel that the ‘sheer assortment of the applications, belongingss expressed, paths of exposure and agencies of disposal make it peculiarly disputing to place, estimation, and pull off any hazards posed by nanotechnologies. Knowledge of the chemical belongingss of a substance when in majority may non assist foretell how that substance will act at the nanoscale. For illustration, aluminium is inert when it takes the signifier of a sodium carbonate can, but is extremely explosive in nanoform. ‘[ 16 ] The exceeding features of nanomaterials, jointly with the wellness and environmental jeopardies, ‘create what the Twenty Seventh Report of the UK ‘s Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution ( RCEP ) refers to as a ‘control quandary ‘ to which there are no simple and straightforward solutions. ‘[ 17 ]A The state of affairs becomes even worse because of the fact that we are non cognizant of all possible jeopardies which these nanomaterials are capable of doing and therefore no ‘appropriate hazard direction government ‘[ 18 ]can be established. ‘The hard inquiries are non about theA legitimacyA of modulating on the footing of safety, but about theA acceptabilityA and theA certaintyA of the hazard. Safety concerns about nanomaterials by and large include inquiries about the ability of substances at the nanoscale to get the better of some of the organic structure ‘s natural defense mechanisms, such as tegument, lungs, or the brain/blood barrier, and their possible to prevail in the environment. ‘[ 19 ]‘More specific safety concerns include most notoriously the impacts of nanosilver ‘s powerful antimicrobic consequence on ecosystems, and the possible asbestos-like effects of certain signifiers of C nanotube in the lung. ‘[ 20 ]A But there is still an on-going argument on jeopardies versus the benefits that this engineering brings with it. Although the Royal Commission on the Environmental Pollution ( RCEP ) is of the position that ‘the bing ordinances have the capacity to cover with the apprehended hazard associated with the nonomaterial, the job is that they do non adequately do so. ‘[ 21 ]Today nanotechnology is deriving a batch of attending and therefore it is really of import to pay attending to its social dimensions. Even though nanotechnology have found their manner into the bing ordinances it is still of import to ‘modify some ordinances within bing models to reflect the jeopardy presented by free nanoparticles and nanotubes. It has been recommended by the RS/RAEng that all relevant regulative organic structures review the capacity of bing ordinances to protect worlds and the environment from possible jeopardies associated with the usage of nanomaterials. ‘[ 22 ] Although it is felt by many that to a big extent the bing ordinances are adequate in integrated nanomaterials and the jeopardies caused by them but still there are some loopholes in the system. The averment that the current existing ordinances are adequate to integrate nanomaterials may be due to the fact that we are still incognizant of the possible dangers and menaces caused by these stuffs. This raises the inquiry that whether these ordinances are capable of accomplishing a nice degree of safety? Harmonizing to the RCEP study ‘nanotechnologies are covered by a complex set of bing regulative governments in the Fieldss of consumer, public wellness and environmental protection. ‘[ 23 ]However despite these regulative governments they still sometimes fail to account for 100 % safety. For this ground the RCEP came up with the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemical Substances or REACH. This has brought with it a immense alteration in the methodological analysis of covering with chemical substances. REACH does non incorporate anything specific refering nanotechnology ; it applies to new and existing chemicals and their usage, import and industry. Under this statute law it is mandatory for everyone covering with chemicals ; the makers, importers and other users to vouch that the chemicals used or manufactured does non negatively concern human wellness or the environment. It makes enrollment a compulsory demand for those covering with chemicals. This helps in obtaining relevant information about the chemicals being dealt with by the makers or the importers, giving the European Chemicals Agency an chance to measure and look into chemicals. This manner the activities that are harmful for the human wellness and environment can be singled out and can be restricted. REACH helps in advancing informed, transparent and unfastened decision-making, and provides a advanced and flexible regulative model. However, its relevancy and application to nanomaterials is limited. While REACH is puting its accent on the metric tons of chemicals being released, we fail to gain the injury caused by them at nano degree, such as ‘concerns associating to the inspiration of C nanotubes are non related, as such, to the measure of their production. Nanomaterials are evidently less likely to run into a tunnage threshold because, for any substance, there will be many more nanoparticles to the metric ton than larger atoms. ‘[ 24 ] Although one might reason that these ordinances can be applied to all harmful substances irrespective of their size or signifier but it is besides true that for such ordinances to go applicable the injury should be apparent on a really big graduated table to present possible menace to human life and the environment. It is merely so that the usage of those peculiar categories of nanomaterials will be classified as unacceptable and banned by the competent governments, which is practically about impossible.Professionals AND CONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGYScience and engineering are clearly societal existences by the fact that they belong to the same society. However, persons of the society have absolute right of oppugning on the benefits or negative impacts a peculiar innovation or development engineering could hold on society. Therefore, possible developments like nanotechnology or any new engineering that comes on the market are evidently susceptible to such appraisal. There are many illustrat ions of engineerings with good repute beginning subsequently on nem con being rejected, and frailty versa. It is in the current epoch the mass media can be constructed to be the Judgess of possible injuries or benefits of new engineerings. The chief job frequently viewed on the topic of unfavorable judgment is to acquire the public create their ain thought to happen the balance between the pros and cons[ 25 ]. This has happened historically with applications in the field of energy atomic, with the usage of assorted types of radiation, and more late with development of genetically modified beings, cloning and technology, merely to call a few.ProfessionalsThe possible application countries in which scientists say nanotechnology will impact positively are: Storage, production and energy transition, Increase in agricultural productiveness and pest sensing, Wastewater intervention and air pollution solutions, Diagnosis, monitoring and remedy of diseases systems drug disposal, Processing of nutrient and other consumer goods, New stuffs for assorted industries ( fabrics, automotive, building, picture, athleticss ) , General development of nanoelectronics, optoelectronics and bioelectronics and much more.ConEric Drexler in his book â€Å" The Rise of the machines to make † was the first to convey to the cognition of the general populace an overview of this new molecular engineering[ 26 ]. That describes non merely the tremendous capacity and possible nanotechnology, but besides the impact it may hold on the Fieldss medical, environmental and economic, every bit good as the hazards and frights associated[ 27 ]. However, many surveies are still seeking to find the impact of the nutrient produced from these GMOs in the wellness of consumers or environment in the short and long term. These ruinous visions about the possible negative deductions of developments in nanotechnology have non stopped the immense investings economic assistance for research in nanoscience and nanotechnology by big transnational companies in all industries and public in developed states. Unfortunately, it besides spends big sums of money to analyze the possible applications of Military nanotechnology. With horror we hear about arms biological / chemical computerized sufficiently intelligent devices little to avoid sensing, â€Å" smart † arms to kill merely soldier enemies and non guiltless people, etc. As we have seen, nanotechnology has a character genuinely multidisciplinary, with many possible application Fieldss for their development ( wellness, communications, ecology, nutrient, military, etcaˆÂ ¦ ) . So if we assess their impact on human activities as diverse, it is non we can non generalise and utilize the good-bad duality for making[ 28 ]. We realize that all the possi ble utilizations and hazards unwanted potency of nanotechnology are straight related. It is obvious that big corporations seeking to retrieve their investing and multiply in the shortest clip possible regardless of possible negative effects the engineering may hold on consumer and worker wellness or the environment[ 29 ]. The fact is that consumer ends up being a surety of large companies. For the state of affairs seems more awful and a grade of cynicism, so does with military applications in which the side that develops engineering will last no peculiar usage to their advantage to rule his opposition. However, due to the rapid development of scientific and chair a small the great duty of scientists to society, we can state that sometimes they are unable to spot in the short term possible negative impacts or that could hold applications in the hereafter their surveies, particularly when it comes to basic scientific discipline research or cardinal. The job with nanomaterials is that their dimensions are similar to some biological molecules and so they are really much capable of interacting with the biological molecules. These nanomaterials can travel within the organic structure of populating beings including worlds and can traverse cell membranes and reach the blood and variety meats like liver and bosom of the life organic structure. The indissoluble nanoparticles pose a greater menace to the human organic structure as they can lodge with within the organic structure for a longer clip. The nanoparticles which are inhaled by the human organic structure have the inclination of attaching itself to the lungs and thereby travel to assorted other variety meats and even damage the fetus in instance of pregnant adult females. These inhaled nanomateirals might take a toxic signifier within the human organic structure and cause lung redness and other jobs. Although the nanoparticles are used in drungs to move as a drug bearer and present more drugs to the mark cells but sometimes it becomes really difficult to separate the toxic atoms from the remainder, illustration the nanoparticles have the potency to traverse the blood encephalon barrier and present the drugs straight to the encephalon. However in stead of the limited information available about the sick effects of these nanoparticles it is rather possible for them to be toxic to the encephalon. The information on the side effects is scarce, it is expected to be much worse than what is known besides the effects are dependent on a scope of factors like age, unsusceptibility, presence of other pollutants, wellness jobs etc. Apart from the above discussed sick effects its sad to describe that there are about no publications on the sick effects of nanoparticles on animate beings and workss in the environment. Owing to the nature and inclination of the nanoparticles to attach with the cells and cross cellular membranes it can non be denied that they cause some serious harm to the works and carnal life along with human life. ‘Persistent indissoluble nanoparticles may do jobs in the environment that are much greater than those revealed by human wellness appraisals. ‘[ 30 ]CONCLUSION- ARE THE METHODOLOGIES AVAILABLE TO ASSESS THE HAZARDS ADEQUATE?With respect to this inquiry the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks ( SCENIHR ) is of the sentiment that although the bing methods seem appropriate but they are decidedly non adequate to turn to all sorts of environmental menaces. ‘More specifically, the manner of bringing of the nanoparticle to the trial system shoul d adequately reflect the exposure scenarios. Extra trials may be needed. Besides showing the dosage of exposure in footings of mass alone is non sufficient ; it besides needs to be expressed in footings of entire surface country, figure of atoms, or a combination of the two. The bing methods used for environmental exposure appraisal are non needfully allow. Therefore, the current hazard appraisal processs require alteration for nanoparticles. ‘[ 31 ] Besides harmonizing to SCENIHR despite the fact that there is an increasing focal point on the nanotechnology there is still ‘insufficient cognition and informations refering nanoparticle word picture, their sensing and measuring, the destiny ( and particularly the continuity ) of nanoparticles in worlds and in the environment, and all facets of toxicology and environmental toxicology related to nanoparticles, to let for satisfactory hazard appraisals for worlds and ecosystems to be performed. ‘[ 32 ] The SCENIHR commission was of the position that there are certain positions that need to be filled for an improved hazard appraisal for the merchandises and these include the word picture of mechanics, dynamicss, production and preparation of the nanotechnology and nanoparticles. Besides data on the toxicokinetic informations to place the mark variety meats and to determine the effects of the nano sized atoms on them. Harmonizing to the commission it is besides of import to hold full information of the occupational exposure and other possible wellness jeopardies on the workers who are involved in managing these nanosized atoms.