It is given that societies are fluid and therefore Essays - Economy

It is given that societies are fluid and therefore many an aspect of them, in this instance the IFIs will eventually become irrelevant. But like any organism self-preservation is inevitable and so hence the policies that covertly keep the poor as such. They have various mechanizations that aid in doing such, from increasing unemployment which reduces economic buying power to industrial sabotage by subsidy removal. They also have their fingers in the political field too though they feign ignorance and zero intent in meddling there . That said they do also function in a positive manner which is help ing bridge economies of different zones and institutions. They also help( ed ) many a nation develop into what they're today. However the destruction is through the following; Privatization of African economies , subsidies, S APs, loan repayment periods and methods and also political interference. According to Fischer (2001: 237), one of the IMF's main contributions to reforms is that it stands consistently for a particular approach to economic policy. Therefore, the long-run impact of the IFIs reaches beyond the immediate effects of conditions and finance. T he IMF is an intergovernmental institution established by an international treaty in 1945 to create a framework for international economic cooperation focusing on balance of payment problems and the stability of currencies. it focused and offered a way which has the following effects; (i) To promote international monetary cooperation through a permanent institution which provides the machinery for consultation and collaboration on international monetary problems. (ii) To facilitate the ex pansion and balanced growth of international trade... (iii) To promote exchange stability... (iv) To assist in the establishment of a multilateral system of payments in respect of current transactions and in the elimination of foreign exchange restrictions... (v) To make the general resources of the Fund temporarily available to members for balance of payments purposes under adequate safeguards... (vi) In accordance with the above, to shorten the duration and lessen the degree of disequilibrium in the international balances of payments of members . The IMF provides policy advice and technical assistance to help countries build and maintain strong economies. The organization also makes loans and helps countries design policy programs to solve balance of payment problems. IMF loans are short and medium term and are funded mainly by the pool of quota contributions that its members provide. Each member country has a quota. The quota approximately determines a member's voting power, the amount of foreign exchange it may purchase from the IMF and its allocation of special drawing rights. As a result of third world debt crisis in the 1980s the IMF had to function as the lender of last resort and acted to avoid major economic catastrophe by providing new loans for debtor countries. The IMF has been criticized with regards to its strict conditions attached to its loans. The institution has been like a savings and loan association rather than a commercial bank. It can lend its funds but cannot create new funds in the way a bank can create deposits. As for the World Bank the following; M erged 5 different organizations namely International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) , International Development Association (IDA) , International Finance Corporation (IFC) , Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) , International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) . Therefore making it the ultimate institution to fund developmental projects for example building schools and health centres providing water and electricity etc. the World Bank makes loans for projects and as for its funding it relies on its ability to borrow in the international capital markets and contributions from members. Voting power of nations is proportionate to the capital subscriptions. The World Bank is the leading organization in the field of multi-lateral financing or investment and technical assistance. Critics for allowing politics corruption favoritism incompetent consultancy and inef ficient bureaucracy to dominate the evaluation process and financing of projects. The bank is the world's biggest source of aid to developing countries but although it has progressively increased the scope of its lending programs, it is unable to respond to the capital needs of debt-ridden third world countries. Besides the direct ,carrot-and-stick" effect of conditionality, there are

Medical Conversation and Vocabulary for Joint Pain

Medical Conversation and Vocabulary for Joint Pain Read  the following dialogue between a patient and her doctor as they discuss joint pain during an appointment. Practice the dialogue with a friend so you can feel more confident the next time you visit the doctor. A comprehension and vocabulary review quiz follow the dialogue.   Joint Pain Patient: Good morning. Doctor Smith? Doctor:  Yes, please come in. Patient: Thank you. My name is Doug Anders.​ Doctor: What have you come in for today Mr. Anders? Patient: Ive been having some pain in my joints, especially the knees. Doctor: How long have you been having the pain? Patient: Id say it started three or four months ago. Its been getting worse recently. Doctor: Are you having any other problems like weakness, fatigue or headaches? Patient: Well Ive certainly felt under the weather. Doctor: Right. How much physical activity do you get? Do you play any sports? Patient: Some. I like to play tennis about once a week. I take my dog on a walk every morning. Doctor: OK. Lets have a look. Can you point to the area where you are having pain? Patient: It hurts right here.   Doctor: Please stand up and put weight on your knees. Does this hurt? How about this?   Patient: Ouch!   Doctor: It seems you have some inflammation in your knees. However, theres nothing broken. Patient: Thats a relief! Doctor: Just take some ibuprofen or aspirin and the swelling should go down. Youll feel better after that. Patient: Thank you! Key Vocabulary joint pain (noun) the connection points of the body where two bones connect including wrists, ankles, kneesknees (noun) the connection point between your upper and lower legsweakness (noun) the opposite of strength, feeling like you have little energyfatigue (noun) overall tiredness, low energyheadache (noun) a pain in your head that is steadyto feel under the weather (verb phrase) not feel well, not feel as strong as usualphysical activity (noun) exercise of any kindto have a look (verb phrase) to check something or someoneto have pain (verb phrase) to hurt  to put your weight on something (verb phrase) put the weight of your body onto something directlyinflammation (noun) swelling  ibuprofen/aspirin (noun) common pain medicine that also helps reduce swellingswelling (noun) inflammation Check your understanding with this multiple choice comprehension quiz. Comprehension Quiz Choose the best answer to each question about the dialogue. 1. What seems to be Mr. Smiths problem?   Broken knees  Fatigue  Joint pain 2. Which joints are bothering him the most?   Elbow  Wrist  Knees 3. How long has he been having this problem?   three or four years  three or four months  three or four weeks 4. Which other problem does the patient mention?   Hes felt under the weather.  Hes been vomiting.  He doesnt mention another problem. 5. Which phrase best describes the amount of exercise the patient gets?   He works out a lot.  He gets some exercise, not a lot.  He doesnt get any exercise. 6. Whats Mr. Anders problem? He has broken his knees.He has some swelling in his knees.He has broken a joint.   Answers Joint painKneesThree or four monthsHes felt under the weather.He gets some exercise, not a lot.He has some swelling in his knees.   Vocabulary Review Fill in the gap with a word or phrase from the dialogue. Ive had a lot of  _________for more than a week. Im really tired!Are you feeling _________the weather today?Im afraid I have some _________around my eyes. What should I do?Could you please put your _________on your left foot?Take some _________and stay home for two days.Are you having any pain in your _________? Answers fatigue/weaknessunderinflammation / swellingweightaspirin/ibuprofenjoints